Rapper
51. Benchmark - a marked point fixed in nature (on the daylight surface, within a rock mass or in a mine opening) with known coordinates. Benchmarks are divided into initial, reference and working benchmarks. Initial benchmarks used for observing deformations of rocks on slopes are survey points of the survey basis, first- and eleventh-order traverse, triangulation of all classes and microtriangulation. Initial benchmarks serve to develop the network of an observation station consisting of individual profile lines. Benchmarks laid out outside the zone of surface deformation serve as reference points for conducting survey observations regarding the spatial and temporal position of working benchmarks
Source: "Instruction on Observations of Deformations of Slopes, Benches and Waste Dumps at Open-Pit Mines and Implementation of Measures to Ensure Their Stability" (approved by Gosgortekhnadzor of the USSR July 21, 1970)
Benchmark: in geodesy - a mark that fixes a point on the earth's surface, the height of which relative to the initial level surface is determined by leveling. In the Russian Federation, the heights of benchmarks are calculated relative to zero of the Kronstadt staff
Source: " STO Gazprom 2-2.1-249-2008. Organization standard. Main gas pipelines"
(approved and introduced into force by the order of JSC "Gazprom" dated 26.08.2008 No. 258)