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The system of organs with general competence in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management plays a key role in ensuring coordinated management and implementation of Russia's environmental policy. These organs include the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the governments and administrations of federal subjects. These bodies provide strategic guidance, develop and implement measures for environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, and enhancement of ecological safety.
The President of the Russian Federation, as the head of state and guarantor of the Constitution, performs functions in protecting citizens' environmental rights, ensuring the country's sovereignty, and facilitating coordinated operations of government bodies in the field of natural resource management. He determines the main directions of internal and foreign policy, including the ecological strategy, and represents Russia's interests on the international arena, signing international agreements relating to nature conservation and rational use of resources.
The Government of the Russian Federation performs functions related to the development and implementation of a unified state policy in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management. Its responsibilities include organizing the rational use of natural resources, ensuring the ecological well-being of the population, preventing emergency situations and eliminating their consequences, as well as regulating the country's mineral raw material base. Effective operation of the Government ensures stable functioning of the ecological system and maintains a balance between economic development and environmental protection.
The powers of state authorities of federal subjects include the implementation of environmental programs and monitoring compliance with environmental legislation at the regional level. Local governments and administrations coordinate activities aimed at preserving natural objects, controlling economic activities that affect the environment, and ensuring the ecological safety of the population, taking into account the specific conditions of their territories.
The integrated work of general competence authorities forms the basis for sustainable natural resource use and environmental protection in the country, creating conditions for harmonious societal development and preserving nature for future generations.
In scientific literature1 it is noted that the system of general competence authorities responsible for managing environmental protection and natural resource use includes: The President of the Russian Federation; The Government of the Russian Federation; The governments and administrations of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The powers of the President of the Russian Federation are defined in Article 80 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to this article, the President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, a guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen (including ecological ones).
In the order established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, ensures coordinated functioning and interaction of state authorities (including on issues of environmental protection and natural resource management). In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, the President of the Russian Federation determines the main directions of internal and external policy of the state (including environmental policy). As head of state, the President of the Russian Federation represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations (including signing international agreements in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management).
The powers of the Government of the Russian Federation are defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation"2. According to Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, including ensuring the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of ecology (item "v" of part 1). Article 18 of the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" defines the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation in the area of natural resource management and environmental protection. According to the article provided, the Government of the Russian Federation: ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of environmental protection and ensuring ecological safety; takes measures to implement citizens' rights to a favorable environment and to ensure ecological well-being; organizes activities for the protection and rational use of natural resources, regulation of nature use, and development of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation; coordinates activities aimed at preventing natural disasters, accidents, and catastrophes, reducing their danger, and eliminating their consequences.
188. Kichigin N.V., Ponomarev M.V., Khludeyeva N.I. Environmental Law: lecture notes. Moscow, 2009. P. 43.
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